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Marion, Iowa © Tasha Sams
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Want to start a lively discussion among a group of urban planners? Ask them about parking. Parking has a significant impact on our lives, our economies, and the landscape of our downtowns. Should we have more parking? Less parking? Surface lots? Street parking? It is important for Main Streeters to understand the debate around parking and the tools their communities can use to find solutions.
Ask any downtown visitor—in small towns or large cities—about their experience, and they’ll likely complain about parking: not enough parking, poorly placed parking, expensive parking. At the same time, many urban planning and community development advocates view the problem in the opposite direction: too much parking, too much free parking, too much land used for cars.
On a national level, few can argue that we don’t have enough parking. Research has shown that there are at least four parking spaces for every car in the United States. But parking is not distributed equally. Many of us have seen a vast, empty parking lot at a standalone big box store. Many of us have also driven in circles trying to find a street spot in a trendy downtown district. At the core of this debate are questions about where parking is located, who is prioritized on our streets, and how to use limited spatial resources effectively.
These questions have real implications for the ways we design our downtowns. So, where should we put all our cars?
The International Parking and Mobility Institute estimates that each on-street parking spot adds $20,000 in revenue to local economies. “Parking drives economic development perhaps more than ever in today’s urban resurgence,” argued Andrew R. Long in an article for the Institute. Free and plentiful parking can certainly be a big draw in attracting shoppers to small businesses, while limited downtown parking can push people towards big box retail.
Access to parking is also a critical factor for many people when purchasing or renting a home. In 2021, 97.1 percent of families owned at least one car. Those families need places to park their cars near their homes.
Research has found that well-designed parking programs can improve access to small businesses, promote job growth, increase housing opportunities, provide funding for municipalities, and even complement the aesthetics of the community.
Our downtowns and neighborhood commercial districts are geographically limited, and this means that land is very valuable. Every parking spot could also be a park, a streatery, or a traffic-calming measure. When faced with these trade-offs, many argue that communities and places are better served by parklets than parking.
Parking minimums have a significant impact on downtown development patterns. “A requirement of one parking space per 100 square feet for restaurants means the typical eating establishment will devote three times as much space to parking as it will to dining,” wrote Michael Manville in The Atlantic. In downtowns, where space is at a premium, parking requirements can prevent new retail, dining, and housing altogether. Research has also shown that parking minimums often cause an oversupply of parking.
In 2016, the City of Biddeford in Maine conducted a study on the impact of free parking in their downtown. They found that more than $4,000,000 of taxpayer money is spent on their downtown surface parking, which is offered to visitors at no cost. If they switched to a new model, those funds could be redirected to other uses like multi-family housing, which in turn could increase economic activity. “People go to downtowns for the energy and excitement. No matter how hard one tries, you cannot create surface parking lots that provide energy and excitement,” wrote the study authors.
By Chris Wilson, Director at Bartlesville Redevelopment Trust Authority and Main Street America Board Member
Data collection is the most important factor when determining if there is a parking issue. Understanding that parking management is not a one-time fix is important as well. Parking conditions and needs change as tenants come and go, whether they be shops, restaurants, offices, or residents. Here are three steps you can take to understand the state of parking in your downtown.
1. Conduct a parking inventory.
Count every parking spot in your district, both on-street and off-street parking. Here is the data you should consider collecting about each space:
On-Street
Off-Street
2. Understand the needs of nearby businesses.
You need to know what types of shops, restaurants, or offices/employers are in the block you are counting (on both sides of the street). Some blocks may have many customer-focused businesses that rely upon on-street parking, while others may have offices that are business-to-business and rarely have the need for in-person customer interaction. You will need to know how long a typical customer stays at these locations. Some blocks also have clusters of shops and/or restaurants. Be sure to note these areas because shoppers or patrons of restaurants will often want to park and go from shop to shop or browse after a meal, which adds time to the amount of parking they need.
3. Create a map of your data.
Google Earth Pro is a great tool that anyone can use for free. Use the polygon tool to highlight and label certain lots or on-street parking spaces. You can add layers to show only on-street, off-street, or even specific parking types. Then, create a “.kmz” file to share with others that have Google Earth. Some cities may have GIS that can come in handy, too. Many can integrate the .kmz file into their GIS system.
Be sure to update the parking data every two to three years and not more than five years.
Just like the local Main Street should know about every property in their district, they should also know about the parking availability. This data can show the relationship between the times people can occupy parking spaces and businesses nearby to see if the on-street spaces are properly timed. It can also show if there is a need for nearby hourly or off-street daily parking. It may identify an overabundance of parking in one area but not another.
If you’re ready to make some changes to your downtown parking, the Main Street Approach Design Handbook includes a section on parking design. Parking Strategies to Support Livable Communities by the Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning is another great resource. Vibrant Blocks for Businesses: A Main Street Design Guide for More Beautiful Commercial Districts from the City of Detroit also offers interesting recommendations, including parking location, layout, and aesthetic design. Chris Wilson recommends The Parking Handbook for Small Communities by John D. Edwards and Parking Reform Made Easy by Richard W. Wilson. If you are interested in reaching out to peer communities that have removed minimum parking requirements Parking Reform Network has compiled this map.
“The solution is rarely to create more parking, but rather to more intelligently manage the parking that we have and try and find ways to control demand for parking by, for example, sharing it, pricing it, and telling people where it is,” said Henry Grabar, author of Paved Paradise: How Parking Explains the World in an interview with Vox. At least for now, we live in a world where people need cars and communities need parking. Main Streets can use technology and data to build parking programs that foster vibrant, people-oriented places while still providing spaces for people to park their cars.
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Construction projects can put a lot of stress on your downtown. From preparation to completion, Brooke Prouty at Iowa Economic Development Authority shares best practices to help your Main Street thrive during construction.
Creating real change in business ownership starts with local communities leading the way, backed by strong partnerships and collaborations.
At the heart of thriving Main Streets are vibrant public spaces that unite people of all ages and backgrounds and enrich community life. And what better way to activate public spaces than through the power of free, live music?
Middlesboro, Kentucky © Levitt Foundation
Learn how Main Streets can tap into federal resources to improve transportation infrastructure, take down barriers, and improve access to key services.
Main Street America is proud to announce the release of a new resource to help Main Streets and commercial district organizations better prepare for and respond to more frequent and severe disasters.
Marion, IA © Uptown Marion
This Boston Main Street installed an innovative street mural to highlight crosswalks and improve pedestrian safety.
These seven Main Streets have implemented innovative, exciting, and fun programs to help welcome dogs to their downtowns.
MSA President and CEO Erin Barnes explores how a holiday market in a public park brought a new focus on growing humanitarian needs in downtown city centers.
The RAISE program funds surface transportation projects with local and regional impact by enhancing safety, mobility, sustainability, and economic growth.
Streetscape improvements can make a big difference for Main Streets. © Grant Harper
Learn how Main Street America's work with the DOT's Thriving Communities Program is supporting transformative efforts with community partners like the Shoalwater Bay Indian Tribe.
Apply for federal funding to remove, retrofit, or mitigate transportation infrastructure that creates barriers to community connectivity.
Art is a powerful tool for community change. Learn how the arts can improve community engagement, boost economic development, and connect with the Main Street Approach.
Streets play an important role in our downtown districts. Learn more about Main Street America's recent work with the Department of Transportation to promote vibrant and sustainable downtown roadways.
Learn how the Safe Streets and Roads for All program is providing grants to prevent roadway deaths and serious injuries.
Streetscape in Denison, Texas. © Mel Climer — Climer Design
REV Birmingham and Woodlawn United share how they work to reenergize spaces and places in Birmingham, Alabama, through civic infrastructure projects in the city’s historic commercial corridors.
Learn how this Louisiana town has used an accessibility-first approach to build a welcoming and inclusive community.
Downtown Ruston, Louisiana. Photo by Henry McCoy.
Learn how the Little Five Points neighborhood of Atlanta uses this unique mural program to celebrate Valentine's Day and raise important funding for their work.
Learn how micromobility can increase access, equity, and inclusion in your Main Street with examples from local programs across the network.
This Washington Main Street is encouraging people to brave the rainy weather with their free umbrella share program.
Learn how Bainbridge Island Downtown Association leverages their connection to the ferry to create a walkable and vibrant downtown.
Bainbridge Island, WA © Anna Carson
An innovative artistic project brings new life to the alleyways in Billings, Montana.
Billings, MT © Downtown Billings Alliance
In big cities and small towns, people face increasing danger when navigating communities on foot. As advocates for connected and walkable downtowns, Main Streets have a crucial role to play in increasing pedestrian safety.
Lansing, Michigan © Lansing 5:01
Learn how you can participate in the Thriving Communities program as a capacity builder or how you can receive support from the program.
To celebrate National Parks and Recreation Month, we explored three innovative and interesting parks-based projects and collaborations in Main Street communities.
Waterloo, Iowa, shares advice and lessons learned from their e-scooter program.
Learn how you can harness design principles and strategies to create a cooler, more welcoming downtown.
Main Street America was awarded $5.9 million to support 20 communities in the Main Streets Community of Practice through the Department of Transportation's Thriving Communities Program over the next two years.
The City of Leeds, AL welcomed a new downtown mural over the holidays that has brought a sense of excitement and anticipation for the continuing efforts to focus on the Leeds downtown district.
Leeds, AL © Jeremy Dove
What is more Iowan than turning grain bins into public art? Learn how Main Street Coon Rapids created these beautiful murals to celebrate their downtown.
Coon Rapids, IA © Main Street Coon Rapids
Pollinator gardens are fantastic ways to increase green space, promote sustainability, and educate your community on the local environment.
Crofton, MD © Kerry Kelly
The AARP Community Challenge program gives out quick-action grants to activate public spaces. Meet some of the Main Streets awarded grants through the program this year.
Learn how these outdoor microspaces can contribute to more vibrancy in our public spaces.
Chairman Emeritus Ed McMahon explores the power of place in creating spaces people love.
Boise, ID © christiannafzger
To support Georgia Main Streets throughout the recovery process and position them for long-term sustainability, Main Street America launched the Georgia Main Street Innovation Grant Program, made possible through generous support from The Williams Family Foundation of Georgia.
Thomasville, GA © Thomasville Main Street
Intentional placemaking has had many unexpected benefits for this Alabama town.
Wetumpka, AL © Jenny Sue Stubbs
We heard from organizations across the nation about the incredible impact their markets have had on community engagement, entrepreneur and small business support, and keeping their district vibrant.
Mount Airy Downtown, Inc., celebrated the return of their Market Street Arts and Entertainment District (MSA & ED) last weekend, as part of their pandemic recovery efforts.
Mount Airy, NC © Robbie Curlee
A vacant storefront is the perfect stage to creatively promote the available space or to showcase other businesses and events in the area.
Ripon, WI © RetailWorks, Inc
Interested in creating a StoryWalk in your downtown commercial district? Read on to learn more about installing a successful story walking trail.
In remembrance and in honor of Dr. Marin Luther King Jr., over 900 streets in the United States were named after him. Many are located predominantly in African American communities.
Milwaukee, WI © Historic King Drive BID
Dubbed the Blues Alley, the Ripley Main Street program plans to install murals of local pioneering Black blues artists, cutout guitars painted by local art students, and blues lyrics painted on the walls.
Ripley, MS © Ripley Main Street
Wayfinding guides people to places they seek but it also brings awareness to places they may have otherwise missed.
Since 2013, Try This West Virginia has sought to improve health environments in local communities as a collaboration of organizations working together to combat the health challenges facing West Virginians.
Main Street America partnered with OneMain Financial to create Made on Main Street.
Creating a historic or art walking tour is much more than simply a collection of pictures and descriptions.
Over 300 attendees enjoyed a family-friendly block party that celebrated the community and showcased Prosser's upcoming streetscape improvement project.
Cambridge was the first Main Street community in Maryland to install public chargers.
The Downtown Newton Development Association (North Carolina) partnered with the City of Newton on a temporary tactical urbanism project to demonstrate how their permanent streetscape improvements will benefit downtown.
Over 500 people braved the misty rain this past weekend to come and celebrate Painesville and its Made on Main Street community transformation project.
Wilson Artsy Alleys is an initiative of the Wilson Downtown Development Corporation which takes the arts to new locations in forgotten places.
In October 2017, Main Street Ottumwa collaborated with local partners, Main Street Iowa, the National Endowment for the Arts, and the Better Block Foundation to stop planning, talking, and wishing, and start doing.
Kelly Tompkins of Main Street Enid shares more about the Maker Trail project and how it inspired creativity and helped people discover downtown.
The Metuchen Downtown Alliance created a cool, family-friendly public gathering space in “the worst looking spot in town” with the help of just $2,500 in Edward Jones Placemaking on Main Challenge matching grant funds,
A collaborative effort launched between Laramie Main Street Alliance (LMSA) and vertical farming company, Plenty, looked to blank downtown walls as a canvas for growing food, creating conversation, and activating overlooked spaces.
From walkability and transportation connectivity, to access to nature and availability of fresh food, place is inextricably linked to achieving positive health outcomes in rural America.
Beautiful view of the Eiffel Tower fountain through Main Street Paris's new Love Lock Fence.
Kasey Drummond, Glenrock Main Street Director, explains how they brought the acclaimed graffiti artist ARCY to their Main Street and explores the work he produced in three additional Wyoming communities on his summer tour.
Karen Dye, Newkirk Main Street's program manager, was inspired to “make downtown more fun and festive” with painted water meter covers after learning about the practice at a recent Main Street Now conference.
Appealing to mobility-challenged shoppers yields benefits beyond the store.
In contrast, the Main Street Program in Laramie, Wyoming, is thriving, having successfully cultivated millions of dollars to help fill these vacant, blighted spaces with permanent structures.
In this article we’ll explore the process of planning, funding, installing, operating, and enjoying music on your Main Street.
In 2016, the North Carolina Main Street & Rural Planning Center partnered with the University of North Carolina at Greensboro’s Department of Interior Architecture (UNCG) to provide design assistance to Main Street communities.
Placemaking is a strategy that Six Corners Association has enthusiastically applied to our community development efforts because of its seamless integration with the Main Street Approach.
How one Wyoming Main Street implemented a free bike share program.
In 2015, the Wisconsin Economic Development Corporation (WEDC) partnered with the University of Wisconsin–Madison to engage Wisconsin Main Street organizations and farmers markets in the Metrics and Indicators for Impact – Farmers Markets (MIFI-FM) toolkit.
The local Main Street organization, Downtown Milford Inc., is trying to address these shifting demographics by creating a more inclusive sense of community.
This is the story of how a National Endowment for the Arts gathering in DC inspired the leaders of a small town in Appalachia to connect with those in Milwaukee to transform a neglected park.
Main Street communities across the country are no stranger to seeking creative strategies to solve their most nagging issues – vacant buildings, marketing downtown, bolstering retail to name a few.
This article is the second in a series on corridors and the important role they play in Main Street revitalization. The previous article focused on the historic origins of corridors, corridor types, and functions that they serve in our communities.
Façade appearance is a critical aspect of the overall aesthetic appeal and unique character of downtown.
While the Main Street program may not take the lead in corridor enhancements, it can be a vital partner and advocate for improvements in overall community appearance.
Street pole banners preserve the historic character of main streets while fostering community awareness and engagement.
With strong community support, the Library Foundation was able to raise over $1.2 million dollars in private donations.
A lot of signs are necessary to make a downtown work well, but not every community knows what a good sign system looks like, or how instrumental it can be to the creation of a successful downtown.
A key goal of the Atlanta Streetcar is to attract investment to and revitalize the neighborhoods along the streetcar alignment.
