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Main Spotlight: The Black Cowboy-Archeologist of Folsom, New Mexico
In the northeast corner of New Mexico, surrounded by mesas, mountains, and the dry Cimarron River, sits the tiny village of Folsom. The handful of vacant 19th-century buildings that line the Main Street today echo of the vibrant frontier city of the past. Folsom was established in 1888 as a stop on the Colorado & Southern Railroad. At its height, it was home to more than 1,000 people and the largest stockyards west of Fort Worth.
A 1908 flood devastated the community, destroying most of the buildings and forcing many residents to leave. Nevertheless, a small population held on, and the town survives to this day. Folsom is currently home to 77 residents and a Main Street lined with the few stone buildings that survived the flood: a mercantile, a hotel, a law office, a land office, and a museum. Only the museum and hotel are occupied, but the town is working with New Mexico MainStreet and local stakeholders to rehabilitate the other buildings. This tiny town is also home to a world-famous archeological finding: the Folsom Site.
A Black Cowboy Makes a Discovery
Around the year 1851, George McJunkin was born in an enslaved family in Midway, Texas. When the Civil War broke out and the cowboys left to join the army, McJunkin took their place, learning his trade from local Vaqueros. After the war, he began his own career driving cattle. He also taught himself to read, write, and speak Spanish. “He was reported to be an expert bronco rider and one of the best ropers in the United States,” said Brenda Wilkinson, BLM Socorro Field Office Archeologist. Throughout his life, he worked at ranches across New Mexico, Colorado, and Texas.
When the 1908 flood hit Folsom, McJunkin was working at the Crowfoot Ranch. While assessing the damage on the property, he came across some uncovered bison bones. McJunkin was an amateur archeologist and historian, and he correctly identified that these bones were larger than modern bison bones. He knew he had stumbled upon an important archeological site.
He spent multiple years trying to share his finds with professional archeologists but had little success. In 1918, he sent the bones, along with a fluted lance point, to the Denver Museum of Natural History, who subsequently sent paleontologist Harold Cook out to explore the site further.
Unfortunately, a full archeological survey did not occur until 1926, four years after McJunkin’s death. “They discovered pre-historic bison that had been killed by early peoples using special tools, now referred to as Folsom points,” said Wilkinson. At the time, archeologists believed that humans had arrived in North America approximately 5,000 years ago. The Folsom points and bison bones were dated to 12,000 years ago, pushing that date back significantly.
George McJunkin was many things: a traveling cowboy, a formerly enslaved person, and a self-taught scholar. “His intellectual curiosity and determination continue to inspire a new generation of archaeologists,” said Wilkinson. McJunkin was inducted into the Hall of Great Westerners at the National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum in 2019. The Folsom Site remains one of the most significant archeological sites in the nation. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961.
The Folsom Museum
The Folsom Museum is the heart of the community. It draws in tourists from across the region through a partnership with the nearby Capulin Volcano National Monument. They host six annual tours, which are always completely booked with waiting lists. Two of the tours explore the nearby history and geology, and four of the tours explore the Folsom Site. The Folsom Site tours are conducted in conjunction with David Eck, an archeologist with the New Mexico State Land Office.
Local ranching families are deeply involved in sharing and promoting the history of the town. “Not only do the local families grant permission for access to these important sites, but several of them also host the tours at their respective homes, display artifacts, and act as informed interpreters,” wrote Nan Whelan, Secretary of the Folsom Museum board, in a grant proposal to support the museum. “The people here are deeply committed to the preservation of the heritage of this land and its families.”
A New Mexico MainStreet Frontier Community
In 2019, Folsom participated in the New Mexico MainStreet Frontier and Native American Communities Initiative. “The Frontier & Native American Communities Initiative is a project-based program for communities with less than 15,000 in population – it provides professional technical assistance for one catalytic project in the heart of the community during a 12-18 month timeframe,” said Jessica Mraz, Communications Specialist at New Mexico MainStreet. The program is specifically designed for communities who do not have the local capacity to develop their own Main Street program but would nevertheless benefit from the Main Street Approach.
Folsom’s project was centered on the rehabilitation of the Doherty Mercantile Building, which houses the Folsom Museum. The repairs would allow the building to continue its use as a tourist attraction and the heart of the town. The project was led by the Museum.
They also requested support with ongoing restoration work at the other historic Main Street buildings. A local family was restoring some of the buildings to use them as lodgings for tourists who come to visit the Folsom Site or the nearby National Park. Along with the two restoration projects, they asked for assistance with a Downtown Revitalization Plan, a Historic Building Survey, pedestrian improvements, and business sign improvements.
The Museum and the Village worked with New Mexico MainStreet Revitalization Specialist William Powell to formulate a plan for the historic building repair. Unfortunately, the project was stalled due to COVID-19, but will hopefully resume soon with support from New Mexico MainStreet.
A Future for Folsom
From a railroad boomtown to an archeological hub, Folsom has undergone many changes over the centuries. The ranching families that call it home today are deeply dedicated to preserving their history and building a future for their town. “We believe that our people are our greatest asset,” wrote Nan Whelan. Through the support of programs like the New Mexico MainStreet Frontier Community Initiative, towns like Folsom can use their rich pasts to build vibrant futures.
Special thanks to Amy Barnhart at New Mexico MainStreet for her research on George McJenkin.
Community Heart & Soul, a Main Street America Allied Member, is this quarter's Main Spotlight advertiser. For more information about what they do to support Main Street organizations, click here.
In this video, learn more about the Williams’ family story, how the business is helping to revive downtown Helena, and the impact they’re having on a national level.
In honor of National Disaster Preparedness Month, we are providing some practical steps that Main Streets can take to prepare for the next, inevitable disaster.
Main Street America is leading a coalition urging that the EPA make available the GGRF funds for adaptive reuse and location-efficient projects because of the substantial greenhouse gas emissions reduction offered by such developments.
On May 9, the National Trust for Historic Preservation released its list of America’s 11 Most Endangered Historic Places for 2023 which included a cultural district located within a designated Main Street America community.
From 19th-century mill girls to Maine's mill redevelopments and the regional manufacturers of tomorrow, learn about the amazing history and promise of the New England mill.
This article was published on January 10, 2023, by Next City, a nonprofit news organization focused on socially, economically, and environmentally sustainable urban practices.
Learn how Rethos, the Coordinating partner for Minnesota Main Streets, has partnered with Reuse Minnesota and the Minnesota GreenCorps Program to encourage community-led preservation.
Main Street organizations and other public-private partnerships can provide the focal point needed to fulfill the large number of roles required to reuse or redevelop a house of worship in a way that benefits the community.
How do those amazing Main Street rehabilitation projects happen? And what policies and public support make them happen? In the Behind the Ribbon Cutting series, we look at a project or businesses from concept to opening day to break down the partnerships and funding brought to bear and recognize how we can advocate for policies and resources for revitalization across the country.
Main Street America welcomed the National Association For Latino Community Asset Builders (NALCAB) to our Twitter channel to share stories of resiliency in Latino communities.
We sat down with Lindsey Wallace, Director of Strategic Projects and Design Services and manager of the the National Park Service Main Street Community Disaster Preparedness and Resilience Program, to learn more about her perspective on disaster preparedness on Main Street.
To support Georgia Main Streets throughout the recovery process and position them for long-term sustainability, Main Street America launched the Georgia Main Street Innovation Grant Program, made possible through generous support from The Williams Family Foundation of Georgia.
The Association for Preservation Technology International (APT) Main Street Task Force is working to increase education, compile examples and data, and provide recommended changes at the national level where necessary.
After more than five years of consistent advocacy, the 20 percent historic tax credit (HTC) has survived the most significant rewrite of the tax code in more than 30 years.
In the wake of Hurricane Harvey, Main Street merchants in two communities in Michigan and Kentucky, as well as a fellow Texas Main Street community, jumped in to help their Texas colleagues.
In the midst of this human and cultural disaster, the Main Street program, managed by the Ellicott City Partnership, collaborated with Preservation Maryland to provide a variety of disaster relief financing that helped expedite the recovery.
In 2016, the North Carolina Main Street & Rural Planning Center partnered with the University of North Carolina at Greensboro’s Department of Interior Architecture (UNCG) to provide design assistance to Main Street communities.
In 2015, the Wisconsin Economic Development Corporation (WEDC) partnered with the University of Wisconsin–Madison to engage Wisconsin Main Street organizations and farmers markets in the Metrics and Indicators for Impact – Farmers Markets (MIFI-FM) toolkit.
With 413 National Park areas¹ and over 1,000 Main Street America programs, it’s no surprise that many of the communities following the Four Point Approach serve as gateways to our national parks.
We measure the effectiveness of our last marketing campaign, weigh whether the investment in new street lights outweigh the political capital spent, and debate if the thousands of volunteer hours are worth the impacts created by a one-day event.
Main Street Iowa, a program of the Iowa Economic Development Authority’s Iowa Downtown Resource Center, created a one-of-a-kind three-year program to provide help for performance venues located in Main Street districts.